Manganese (Mn) is the twelfth most abundant element in the Earth's crust. Amongst about 300 minerals containing manganese only about a dozen are of economic significance. The two main manganese minerals are pyrolusite (MnO2) and rhodochrosite (MnCO3). Manganese is the fourth most used metal in terms of tonnage after iron, aluminium and copper and 90% of all manganese consumed annually goes into steel as an alloying agent.
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