Chem Process Systems Sanand, Ahmedabad, Gujarat

Chem Process partners with you to provide the best solutions for treatment of industrial waste waters. As one of the leading designers and manufacturers of thermal and mechanical process equipment with core competence in evaporation, crystallization, vacuum and heat transfer, Chem Process offers custom made plants with additional upstream or downstream process steps. Suitable combinations of processes in our plants achieve optimum results for the recovery of water and valuable products.

Our Adiabatic Vacuum Continuous Crystallizers operate on the principle of ‘adiabatic boiling’ wherein the feed liquor is exposed to high vacuum resulting in evaporation and cooling of the liquor. The concentrated liquor is fed to the continuous crystallizer in an acidic or alkaline condition. At the point of super saturation, the salt present in the liquor starts crystallizing and the vapours generated are compressed with the help of steam jet boosters. The continuous crystallizer operating with multi-nozzle boosters offer the most optimized operational costs.   Batch Vacuum CrystallizersOur Adiabatic Batch Vacuum Crystallizers are used for cases requiring very low operating temperatures achieved only by very high vacuum, and for those applications involving relatively small amounts of material, or when the material being processed must be handled on less than a continuous basis, it is often both convenient and economical. Where the material is cooled through a very wide range and/or to a final temperature which requires very high vacuum, a large ejector or booster is utilized to compress the vapor to a pressure high enough for condensation with available cooling water. In such cases, the batch vacuum crystallizer steam economy is achieved by multiple stage continuous equipment of five or more stages.   Key Advantages Easy Heat Transfer Continuous Operation with Minimal Supervisory Requirement Uniform Product Quality Elastomer Lined Chambers withstand corrosion and can handle mother liquor in acidic conditions No Moving Parts The system eliminates the need of refrigeration plant, therefore, maintenance problems and down time periods associated with conventional chilling units are totally eliminated Total Reliability in Operations Requires Less Manpower

Vacuum Crystallizers are used for cases requiring very low operating temperatures achieved only by very high vacuum, and for those applications involving relatively small amounts of material, or when the material being processed must be handled on less than a continuous basis, it is often both convenient and economical.the batch vacuum crystallizer steam economy is achieved by multiple stage continuous equipment of five or more stages.

a steam jet thermocompressor is an energy saving device that compresses low pressure steam, often waste steam, to a higher usable pressure. It offers an advantage over mechanical compressors/blowers due to its smaller size while handling a very large vapour volume under vacuum conditions. Due to its size and absence of mechanical parts, it requires a very low capital investment and offers a very long maintenance free service with operational safety. for a given set of operating conditions, a ratio of entrained suction vapour to motive vapour is determined and the amount of motive steam is calculated. The mass and pressure of the motive steam determines the size of the motive steam nozzle. For applications with varying operating conditions, chem process offers a variable nozzle design, to ensure that efficient performance is maintained over the range of desired operation. To achieve variable performance, a steam regulating spindle is fitted to the nozzle and actuated either manually or automatically. thermocompressors are finding increased applications in paper, food, pharmaceutical, chemical and other process industries in steam dryers, vacuum dryers, evaporators, deodorizers, etc.   construction our thermocompressors are simple and consist of three fundamental components: motive steam nozzle, suction body and a diffuser. A wide range of materials of construction are available including stainless steel, carbon steel, chrome molybdenum, titanium, etc. Steam jet thermocompressor designs are available for all national and international design codes such as asme viii div.1, pd 5500, stoomwezen, a.d. Merkblatter, etc. Units can be provided with ce marking wherever required. key advantages no moving parts minimal maintenance simple to operate and install low capital cost custom designed virtually silent operation available in most materials suitable for hazardous areas

surface condensers prima facie are the generalized terms of a water cooled shell and tube type heat exchangers, that will utilize the heat of a motive liquid or gas to cool the receptive water, or in other words cool the flowing liquid. disposal of contaminated water is of growing concern in process operations. Where an ejector system is drawing in contaminants, a condenser that discharges directly to the drain may not be used. For such applications, ejectors using surface condensers are used. The surface condenser prevents discharge to the drain and permits recovery or treatment of undesirable wastes. a steam jet ejector system with surface condensers normally requires more motive steam and condensing water than the one with direct contact condensers, and is the most expensive.   key advantages decades of design and manufacturing experience compliance with hei, asme, ped and other design codes and engineering standards as per project requirements wide range of sizes experience to handle exotic and optional materials and configurations provides individual equipment and consolidated packages erection and commissioning assistance and service provided

steam jet-liquid jet ejector combination systems are ideal to handle small quantities of non-condensable gases and large quantities of condensable vapors on intermittent or batch processes. low level mounted and energy conserving with effective scrubbing of outlet gases, offers the advantage over other systems in producing vacuum and simultaneously scrubbing entrained gases before discharging to the atmosphere, making it an ideal selection for contaminated and/or corrosive applications. they are available in multi-element form as a central vacuum source on multi-purpose process applications. they are generally used to create vacuum upto 759 mm of hg in medium size process vessels. The system is more suitable where low capital investment is preferred. It is usually used for batch plant applications requiring coarse vacuum and low level installations.

Chem Process’ Spray Evaporator Crystallizer is a direct contact heat and mass transfer system which works similar to the principle of the induced draft cooling tower. These are for specific purpose sort of crystallization units and stand apart due to their unique operational philosophy, often referred as the granulation and prilling process. These type of crystallizers are generally utilized in the fertilizer segments where the most important aspect of this process is to lower the moisture content and improve the flow-ability of the very fine submicron particles.   How it works The warm process slurry is sprayed against an ambient air stream, which is humidified through the removal of water from the spray and the sprayed liquid is cooled and concentrated. For increasing the evaporation rate, an external heat exchanger is utilized by adding energy to the recalculating slurry. This is a tall column in range of 30 m height and around 6 m diameter, where a typical saturated slurry with low water content is sprayed from the top of the tower, and a very high temperature air is blown from the bottom of the tower. The droplets drop concurrently and gather the heat while travelling down and get dried to acceptable moisture level or water content.

chem process’ rising film evaporators operate on a “thermo-siphon” principle. Feed product enters the bottom of the heating tubes and as it heats, steam begins to form. The upward force of this steam produced during the boiling causes liquid and vapors to flow upwards in parallel flow. At the same time the production of vapor increases and the product is pressed as a thin film on the walls of the tubes, and the liquid rises upwards. this co-current upward movement against gravity has the beneficial effect of creating a high degree of turbulence in the liquid. This is advantageous during evaporation of highly viscous products and products that have a tendency to foul the heating surfaces. Usually there must be a rather high temperature difference between the heating and boiling sides of this type of evaporator. Otherwise the energy of the vapor flow is not sufficient to convey the liquid and to produce the rising film.

ring jets also known as steam jet ejector/liquid ring pump combination systems. they are a combination of steam jet ejector system followed by intercondenser and water/liquid ring vacuum pump. This system can achieve vacuum as high as 0.05 torr. Our ring jet systems consist of single or multi-stage ejectors, single or two-stage liquid ring vacuum pumps and intercondenser. It is designed to operate at the same capacities and suction pressures as conventional ejector systems. In special cases, to avoid contamination of seal water, the closed loop for seal water cooling with indirect cooler, gas liquid separator, re-circulation tank and instrumentation is provided. The system can be installed at any elevation and is normally very compact and is easy to install. our ring jets provide a solution for high vacuum operations. They are versatile in handling both wet and dry loads; they are low level skid mounted packages fully instrumented. They offer clear energy savings and are custom designed. highly energy efficient processing equipment are mandatory for any industry considering the ever increasing utility costs. Our ring jets, installed at low levels, are specially designed to take care of the energy consumption, while pulling high vacuum in various applications, in all processing industries. we have innovated the most efficient ring jet systems with the best combination of ejectors and vacuum pumps, offering the highest possible thermal efficiencies to the industries. We have also developed ring jets with closed loop seal water re-cycle system for vacuum pumps for the total reduction of effluent.   how it works the suction of the first stage ejector is connected to the process line to evacuate and entrain gases, vapors or air to maintain the consistent vacuum in the plant during the process. As per the suction pressure requirement the first stage ejector compresses the process vapor to the designed inter-stage pressure which may be selected between 8-14 mbar. The second stage ejector will take over the load from the first stage and further compress the suction gas along with the first stage steam into the surface condenser. The surface condenser is designed to condense the condensable gases and steam from the ejectors to eliminate the load onto the following stage which is the vacuum pump. The non-condensable gases/air along with the condensate produced in the surface condensers are sucked by the water ring vacuum pump. The vacuum pump is designed and selected to operate at optimum inter-stage pressure. The vacuum pump will further compress the non-condensables to the atmospheric discharge. In special cases, to obtain economy for effluent treatment the water ring vacuum pumps are provided with seal water re-circulation arrangement with cooler, gas liquid separator, re-circulation tank with instrumentation. our ring jet systems comprise of multi-stage ejectors, single & two-stage liquid ring vacuum pumps and condensers, and operate at the same capacities and suction pressures as conventional ejector systems.   key advantages since water is the cooling agent there is no pollution caused to the environment elimination of ozone pollution non-toxic low level installation – barometric height not required simple components: flash evaporator, condensers and ejectors guarantee uncomplicated and reliable operation low maintenance costs as no moving parts waste heat with a temperature down to 80°c can be used as motive energy cooling capacity ranging from a few kw upto 27 mw low steam and power consumption skid mounted packages ready to operate at site applications distillation evacuation drying crystallization evaporation cooling our ring jets are installed at major chemical, pharmaceutical, food and various processing industries throughout india, where they provide energy efficient and consistent service for a wide variety of processing applications.

Oslo Type of Crystallizer is the oldest design developed for the production of large, coarse crystals. The design is based on desupersaturation of the mother liquor through contact with the largest crystals present in the crystallization chamber and keeping most of the crystals in suspension without contact by a stirring device, thus enabling the production of large crystals of narrow size distribution.   How it works A bed of crystals is suspended in the vessel by the upward flow of supersaturated liquor in the annular region surrounding a central down-comer. Originally designed as classifying crystallizers, Oslo units are frequently operated in a mixed-suspension mode to improve productivity, although this reduces product crystal size. With the classifying mode of operation, hot concentrated feed solution is fed into the vessel at a point directly above the inlet to the circulation pipe. Saturated solution from the upper regions of the crystallizer, together with the small amount of feedstock, is circulated through the tubes of the heat exchanger and cooled by forced circulation of water or brine. In this way, the solution becomes supersaturated, although care must be taken to avoid spontaneous nucleation. Product crystal magma is removed from the lower regions of the vessel.   Key Advantages Operating costs are much lower than that of any other type of crystallizer Low maintenance Allows long production cycles between washing periods

Energy efficiency of Chem Process Evaporators and Crystallizers is a crucial consideration during the designing of each customer’s specific application. Energy efficient systems utilize waste heat, multiple effects, mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) and/or thermal vapor recompression (TVR). The evaporation duty is separated into stages operating at different temperatures. External heat drives the first effect of the evaporator, with subsequent effects being driven by vapor generated from the previous higher temperature effect. Product may be passed through the evaporator in forward, back or mixed flow configurations. Additional efficiency is achieved with the use of regenerative heaters, condensate heaters and vapor heaters. In general a Multi-Stage Flash Evaporator is a series of single stage evaporators, where the steam is used for direct heating in one effect only. And the feed flow in a linear way passes through all the single stage evaporators. The basic fundamental of the multi staging is utilization of the vapors generated in preceding effect heat exchanger or Calandria under negative pressure (vacuum) condition and lowering the boiling point of the feed in the subsequent stages. More the number of effects, lesser is the steam consumption. This helps economize the utility consumption.   How it works In Multi-Stage Flash Evaporators, the product flows with a positive pressure through the tubes of all the stages i.e. from the last stage to the first stage, where the liquid is heated gradually by the vapor condensed in all the stages. From the last stage the liquid is discharged by the concentrate pump. The distillate is collected from all the condensers to the last stage condenser and from here it is discharged by the distillate pump. The non-condensable gases released in all the stages are discharged by the ejectors. Chem Process designs and manufactures multi-stage flash evaporation plants, which may be used for producing fresh water from sea water, well water or industrial water. A special advantage of the multi-stage flash technology is that the thermal efficiency can be tailored to the individual client requirements. Chem Process multistage flash evaporation plants are also used for reduction of the volumes of industrial waste waters generated by industries.

In Multi-Effect Distillation Evaporators, the upper end of the rising film evaporation tubes protrude from the upper tube plate of the calandria, so that the liquid after evaporation does not flow back into the tube and the vapor produced inside the tubes can leave the tubes without passing the liquid level on the upper tube plate. This avoids the excessive entrainment of the liquid and higher vapor and distillate salinity. Chem Process’ Multi-Effect Distillation Evaporators have removable covers for easy accessibility to the demister pads. On the condensation side, the heating elements are designed with special internal air cooling zones which ensure optimum concentration of the non-condensable gases which are evacuated by the ejector.

The evaporation duty is separated into stages operating at different temperatures. External heat drives the first effect of the evaporator, with subsequent effects being driven by vapor generated from the previous higher temperature effect. Product may be passed through the evaporator in forward, back or mixed flow configurations. Additional efficiency is achieved with the use of regenerative heaters, condensate heaters and vapor heaters.In general a Multi-Stage Flash Evaporator is a series of single stage evaporators, where the steam is used for direct heating in one effect only. And the feed flow in a linear way passes through all the single stage evaporators.

a low-pressure feed water preheater or heater in power plants, heated with bleed steam and having a two-pass tube bundle of the tube sheet type of construction, has a carrier design for the tube bundle having side plates running parallel to the tube bundle and one or more supporting plates disposed perpendicularly to the tube bundle. In the center of the bundle between the cold and the hot leg are suction tubes through which non-condensable gases are drawn off in the zones of lowest pressure. The supporting plates are each made of a single piece and are thus continuous, and the partition consists of individual sheet-metal parts which are connected to the supporting plates. In one embodiment, the sheet-metal parts of the partition and the supporting plate are connected to one another by indentations on each side of the sheet-metal part which faces the supporting plate and by a corresponding opening in the supporting plate. Lp feed water heater’s pressure ratings range between 400 and 1,500 psig. lp feed water heaters are designed as single zone with a condensing section or two zones with a condensing section and integral sub cooler section. Drain coolers are employed because of heat consumption improvement in case of drain introduction into the lower heater through the level control valve. Condensing heaters without a sub cooler section have better heat consumption if the drain flows forward by using a drain pump. A drain pump is used usually for the drain of lp heaters.   high-pressure feed water heater tube sheet high-pressure heaters are designed as two zones or three zones with a condensing section, desuperheater and integral sub cooler. The use of a desuperheater reduces the terminal temperature difference (ttd) of the entire feed water heater. A negative ttd of up to 3°c can be achieved by the use of a desuperheater, depending on the steam inlet temperature. The tube wall temperature must be over the local saturation temperature in all operation conditions. The use of a separate cross-connected desuperheater improves the heat consumption and increases the feed water temperature at the boiler inlet. Hp feed water heater’s pressure ratings range from 1,500 to 4,800 psig. drain coolers are employed because of heat consumption improvement in case of drain introduction into the lower heater through the control valve. These types of hp feed water heaters have been developed to meet the increasingly severe operating conditions in large turbo generator plants. These may include high heat rates, sudden load variations and frequent start-ups and shut–downs in case of peak-load power plants.

The ejector philosophy of creating vacuum is essentially based on the fundamentals of a non moving parts system. Vacuum technologists developed a more sophisticated way of creating vacuum by means of electro-mechanical rotating equipment generalized as ‘Vacuum Pumps’. A Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump has impellers with blades attached to a center hub located in a cylindrical body but offset from the center. Ours is the optimum solution for rough and complex vacuum applications. These simple to operate pumps are perfect for processes that require vacuum upto 720 mmHg. Designed for long-term operation, these pumps are ideal for pharmaceutical, fertilizer, paper, textile, and printing industries.   How it works The pump requires a liquid (also called the sealant) to create vacuum. Prior to starting the pump, it should be partially filled with the liquid sealant (typically to the center of the body, although this can be plus or minus a couple of inches). The liquid can be water (making it a water ring pump), oil or a solvent, depending upon the application. When the pump is at rest, some of the impeller blades are immersed in the sealant liquid. When the pump starts, the impeller slings the liquid sealant by centrifugal force, forming a ring of liquid at the outside walls of the body. Because the impeller is off-set from the body, some of the blades are fully immersed in liquid, and some are almost out of the liquid. The area of void space without liquid, is sealed off between the liquid (and hence the term “sealant”) and between the impeller blades, called an “impeller cell”. As we follow one impeller cell from the top of the pump, counter-clockwise, you can see the liquid recedes from the center hub, acting as a liquid piston to create a larger cell. This is the suction of the pump, drawing in air, gases, or vapors through the “inlet port” at the sides of the impeller. After impeller cell passes the inlet port and travels toward the discharge port, the sealant liquid is forced back toward the center hub of the impeller, creating the compression step. As the impeller cell passes the discharge port, the compression is at its highest, and the gases, along with some of the liquid sealant are exhausted through the discharge port to atmosphere. Although the diagrams show a very smooth ring of liquid, in actuality, the liquid sealant is highly turbulent, which is why some of the liquid sealant is discharged with the gases.   Key Advantages Simple and rugged construction Trouble free operation Easily handles dust laden and aggressive gases Higher capacity at higher vacuum as compare to single stage vacuum pump   Applications Dehydration and Filtration processes Distillation, Evaporation and Drying Deodorization Evacuation Sterilizing Conveying, Venting and Sucking

liquid jet ejectors are specially designed to operate using water, solvent or any other clear liquid and generate vacuum corresponding to the vapor pressure of the liquid. They are very useful for applications when expensive process fluid is to be recovered. they are most suitable for low non-condensable and high condensable loads in applications like distillation and evaporation. External heat exchanger can be provided to maintain liquid temperature in accordance with vacuum requirement. For higher vacuum, liquid jet ejector can be utilized along with a steam jet ejector combination system. the whole system can be supplied as a pre-assembled skid mounted unit for quick installation. they are available in stainless steel, carbon steel, duplex steel, hastelloy, titanium, rubber lined, pp, ptfe and pvdf.   how it works liquid jet ejectors are jet pumps, motivated by a high pressure liquid. They use the kinetic energy of the pressure liquid to entrain gases and vapors, slurries and other liquids or granular solids and then discharge the resultant mixture against a counter pressure.   key advantages maintenance free easy to operate facilitate for low level installation simple in design reliable in operation no moving parts, hence minimal maintenance inline mixing of liquid and gas virtually silent operation suitable for hazardous areas custom designed

(Manufactured under license from National Dairy Development Board, NDDB, Anand) Chem Process has specially developed the Milk Condensing Systems based on the Steam Heated Rising Film Evaporator with Thermal Vapour Compression. The evaporation process is a commonly used method of concentrating milk. Different types of evaporators with various capacities are available in the market namely Steam Heated Falling Film Evaporators with Single Effect to Multi Effect and various other types. NDDB however wanted to develop energy efficient, economical and cost-effective Milk Condensing Units for small and medium scale operations. After strict deliberations, Chem Process was awarded this job which has been successfully implemented by us year after year. Khoa Cooling Equipments(Manufactured under license from National Dairy Development Board, NDDB, Anand) Chem Process designs and manufactures Khoa & Food Product Cooling Systems. Product Cooling under Vacuum is very rapid and this method not only improves the quality and freshness of the product but also increases the shelf life and reduces the production time drastically. Khoa when produced has a temperature of 90ºC. Previously, the method used was to bring the temperature from 90ºC to 40ºC by atmospheric cooling and the time taken was about 5 hours. Then the Khoa was put in a Cold Storage, where it would take about an hour for the temperature to come down to 25ºC. Since the Khoa remained at an elevated temperature for a long time, browning occurred and the colour instead of being a pure white would be yellow in colour. Chem Process applied Vacuum Cooling method for the cooling of Khoa for the National Dairy Development Board, NDDB, Anand. The advantages achieved were that the time was drastically reduced from 6 hours to 15 minutes, the Khoa is white in colour and the shelf life which was earlier restricted to 4-5 days has now increased to 20-25 days. We specially designed the Steam Jet Vacuum Systems with a Surface Condenser and a Water Ring Vacuum Pump, so as to avoid barometric height and minimized the quantity of steam required to get a superior product quality. Our Khoa Cooling Systems have been in continuous use for over 3 years without any breakdown.  

chem process designs and manufactures a comprehensive range of tank jet mixers and complete tank jet mixing systems for the process industries. A tank jet mixer is a mass momentum exchange device that uses pressurized liquid energy to entrain, mix and pump a secondary fluid. It can normally be employed on any application in which the process liquid is capable of being handled by a centrifugal pump. factors considered in selection include tank volume, viscosity, specific gravity, size and percentage of solids as well as tank geometry. Whether the application is for mixing food products or trade effluent, chem process tank jet mixers offer a simple and reliable method of blending/mixing liquids and keeping solids in suspension.   key advantages simple & robust no maintenance no support bridges or bottom bearings no moving parts even distribution of mixing materials to suit the process liquor no baffles required, no vortexing operate at varying levels controllable performance operate close to tank base   applications neutralization sludge mixing flash mixing anoxic tank mixing chemical mixing solids suspension blendings heat transfer balance tank mixing lime mixing   construction standard materials of construction include stainless and carbon steel, pvcu, pp, ptfe, pvdf, rubber-lined carbon steel, hastelloy and titanium. Other materials are also available. Connections included flanged, screwed or quick release hygienic.

Chem Process Systems’ range of instant Jet Heaters provide a simple, low cost, silent and reliable method of heating liquid inline. Where hygienic steam boilers are applied, we have developed a range of Hygienic Steam Jet Heaters for direct contact heating of liquids for the food and pharmaceutical industries. By bringing the steam into direct contact with the cold liquid both the sensible and latent heat of the steam is fully dissipated within the liquid, making the heaters very efficient. For the food, pharmaceutical and other such industries skid mounted units use hygienic steam in direct contact with the liquid to be heated, for either process or CIP applicants.

A Low-Pressure Feed water Preheater or Heater in power plants, heated with bleed steam and having a two-pass tube bundle of the tube sheet type of construction, has a carrier design for the tube bundle having side plates running parallel to the tube bundle and one or more supporting plates disposed perpendicularly to the tube bundle. In the center of the bundle between the cold and the hot leg are suction tubes through which non-condensable gases are drawn off in the zones of lowest pressure. The supporting plates are each made of a single piece and are thus continuous, and the partition consists of individual sheet-metal parts which are connected to the supporting plates. In one embodiment, the sheet-metal parts of the partition and the supporting plate are connected to one another by indentations on each side of the sheet-metal part which faces the supporting plate and by a corresponding opening in the supporting plate. LP Feed water Heater’s pressure ratings range between 400 and 1,500 psig.

all heat exchangers are designed and engineered in accordance with international standards of design and constructions including tema, asme, and hei etc. Thermal design is carried out with the help of customized software, htri and with our expert design engineers to meet custom requirements. Heat exchanger can also be manufactured with asme u stamp certification in special cases.   applications steam surface condenser for power plant turbine exhaust condensers for steam jet ejector systems dump condenser lp heaters hp heaters gland steam condenser calandrias for multiple effect evaporators reboilers flash condensers gas heaters oil coolers oil heaters   material of construction carbon steel, stainless steel 304, 304 l, 316, 316 l, 904 l, cuni 70/30, cuni 90/10, hastelloy c, inconel, nickel, aluminum, monel and titanium

Chem Process’ Forced Circulation Evaporators are normally used for liquids which are prone to fouling, scaling, crystallizing or for those which are inversely soluble or while concentrating thermally de-gradable materials. Here high re-circulation rate allows high liquor velocities through the tubes which help to minimize the buildup of deposits or crystals along the heating surface. The universal type, preferably used for concentration of solutions containing encrusting substances, hardening agents and un-dissolved solids, and for viscose solutions; also suitable for evaporative crystallization. Forced circulation is required when hydrostatic head prevents boiling at the heating surface. A pump can also be used to avoid fouling that is caused by the boiling of liquid on the tubes; the pump suppresses bubble formation. Other problems are that the residing time is undefined and the consumption of steam is very high, but at high temperatures, good circulation is easily achieved.   How it works Liquid is circulated at a high rate through the heat exchanger, boiling being prevented within the unit by virtue of a hydrostatic head maintained above the top tube plate. As the liquid enters the separator where the absolute pressure is slightly less than in the tube bundle, the liquid flashes to form vapour.

If the solubility of a solvent is not decreased by lowering the temperature, the appropriate degree of solution super-saturation can be achieved by evaporating some of the solvent. Evaporative Crystallizers are usually operated under reduced pressure to aid solvent removal, minimize heat consumption or decrease the operating temperature of the solution and these are also described as low pressure evaporative crystallizers. To generate recirculation, an external heat exchanger is used with a high recirculation rate operated pump. Such kind of evaporators are generally used in many sugar refining and salt generation units.   Forced Circulation Crystallizers are of the Mixed Suspension, Mixed Product Removal types and operate either on controlled or natural slurry density, depending upon process requirements and/or unit material balance. These systems can be either of single or multiple effects and with which thermal or mechanical vapor recompression concept is often applied. Usually, they operate from low vacuum to atmosphere pressure. Almost any material of construction can be considered for the fabrication of these crystallizers

The feed product is evenly distributed by the rotor and its wipers over the heating surface, forming a thin liquid film of uniform thickness. Highly turbulent swirls are produced at the tip of the rotor blades and wipers with intensive mixing and agitation of the product, as it comes into contact with the heating surface. This assures excellent heat transfer combined with constant renewal of the product film and provides an even heating and short residence time of the product through the heated zone.